Browsing by Author "Zain, Mohammad"

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    DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TAXABLE INCOME AND BUSINESS INCOME (With special reference to Indonesia case)
    (Accounting Research and Education Conference 2012 (AREC 2012), Faculty of Accounting, Universtiti Teknologi MARA, 2012-02-21) Zain, Mohammad
    The primary causes of differences between financial statement for tax purposes and that for financial reporting, are the differing objectives of the Income Tax Law and Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Indonesia (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Tax objectives are providing revenue for the operation of government, and on occasion it may used to regulate the economy, or achieve other social objectives and little concerned with the best matching of revenues and expenses or any of the other specific external accounting objectives The Income Tax Return is one kind of accounting report and the net profit (or loss) shown in the taxpayer’s account is not necessarily the net profit (or loss) for tax purposes. There are some of the cases where discrepancies may exist between the tax and accounting profit and loss figures, are caused directly by specific requirements in the tax law. Other differences arise because of choices which the taxpayer can make, that could be avoiding the income tax, such as profit shifting. The use of cash basis may cause a confusion in the income calculation, that is the amount of income can be adjusted every year by arranging cash income and expenses. For that reason , the calculation of income tax using the cash basis should consider using the mixed (hybrid) system Where are discrepancy occurs, a statement reconciling the net profit or loss for accounting purposes with the taxable income or loss should be made for tax purposes. Such a statement is required at the time filing the income tax return
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    Pembahasan Pembaharuan 7 (Tujuh) UU Perpajakan dan Reformasi Kepabeanan Tahun 2000 Serta Pemberdayaan Aparatur negara dalam Pengamanan Pelaksanaan APBN Tahun 2000
    (Unit Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Bandung, 2000-11) Zain, Mohammad
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    TAX MANAGEMENT THROUGH TAX HAVENS COUNTRY, TRANSFER PRICING AND PROFIT SHIFTING (With special reference to Indonesia case)
    (2nd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (2nd ICBER 2011), 2011-03-14) Zain, Mohammad
    Although taxes affect numerous aspect of our life’s and influence nearly all business decisions, their impact is not uncontrollable. Given an understanding of the rules, taxes can be managed with considerable success. Effective systems of tax management are vital to any profit oriented organization. Successful management, however, is predicated on good tax management The obvious goal of most tax management is the efficient amount or reducing the amount of taxes that a person or other entity must transfer to the government. The legal efficiency of taxes is usually referred to as “tax avoidance”, while the use of illegal means of reducing taxes referred to as “ tax evasion” (unilateral and bilateral) and should never be tolerated Every nation claims the right to tax income originating within its borders. However, national philosophies regarding the taxation of foreign source earning differ and this is important from a tax management perspective. Tax considerations on international operation strongly influence decisions on where to invest, what form of business organization to employ, how to finance, when and where to recognize elements of revenues and expense, and what transfer prices to charge. With the possible exception of cost of goods sold, taxation is the larger expense of most businesses. It makes sense for management to minimize international taxes when ever possible, through tax havens country, transfer pricing, and profit shifting
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    TAX REFORM IN INDONESIA: THE VIEWPOINT OF TAX LAW AND TAX ADMINISTRATION
    (3rd Asia-pasific Business Research Conference, World Business Institute, 2013-02-25) Zain, Mohammad
    Taxation, one of the oldest of government function has been divided into three major areas – policy, law and administration. First you decide on a policy then you cast it into the technical requirements of a law, and finally you drop the problem of bringing in the money into the lap of the tax administrator. In the relationship between these three functions, the tax policy provides the design of the legal structure, and the legal structure is the framework on which an effective tax administration must be built. We must recognized that the three phase are interdependent and that the achievement of an overall sound tax system requires greater awareness of this interdependent. Tax administration face for a formidable number of challenges in many developing countries and that is why some developing countries need a tax administration reform simply to achieve macro economic stability. There is a need to established a tax administration that can respond to the demands of a growing market economy and the resulting increase in the number of taxpayers. Moreover, there is the need to established legitimacy of tax collection and modernizing the tax administration so that it can operate effectively in an increasingly global economy. While the specific issues and goals of fiscal policy may well differ from country to country within the same country as development process evolves, many of the problems and goals of tax administration are similar the world over. Generally, a tax administrators set as his goal the efficient assessment, collection and enforcement legally due, without undue to the government or the taxpayers in term of money, time or convenience.